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Madang Port is set to receive a new purpose-built pilot boat following the arrival of Musangu II, further strengthening Papua New Guinea’s maritime infrastructure and port operations. The fourth of five pilot boats delivered through the Australian Infrastructure Financing Facility for the Pacific (AIFFP) is undergoing final safety and registration checks before entering service. Australia is partnering with PNG Ports through the Ports Infrastructure Investment Programme (PIIP) to deliver coordinated port infrastructure upgrades across Papua New Guinea. The programme aims to enhance the safety, resilience and performance of the country’s ports for communities, businesses and maritime users. Musangu II replaces an ageing pilot boat and will enhance safety by providing PNG Ports with a modern, reliable means of transferring marine pilots to and from ships calling at Madang Port. Pilot boats play a critical role in port operations, helping vessels navigate safely through local waters. The arrival of Musangu II will strengthen these services in Madang and support the smooth movement of cargo and trade. PNG Ports Chief Executive Officer Neil Papenfus said the vessel would help ensure PNG Ports continues to provide reliable services at Madang Port. “PNG Ports has a responsibility to ensure our ports operate safely and efficiently for all users. The addition of Musangu II strengthens our marine pilotage capability and helps us continue providing safe and reliable services to vessels calling at Madang Port,” Papenfus said. The new pilot boats deliver significant improvements in reliability, safety and operational performance, helping to minimise disruptions and ensure the continued safe movement of vessels through Papua New Guinea’s ports. Another benefit of the fleet upgrade is the standardisation of pilot boats, replacing legacy vessels of varying ages, designs and capabilities. This will simplify crew training, maintenance and spare-parts management while improving operational flexibility. All five vessels were manufactured by Norman R. Wright & Sons in Brisbane and are specifically designed to provide safe, reliable and efficient pilotage services in Papua New Guinea’s rugged operating environment. Once final safety checks are complete, Musangu II will be transferred to Madang Port and begin service. Taubar II, the fifth and final pilot boat, is in the final stages of testing in Brisbane and is expected to arrive in Port Moresby in late September 2026. PNG Ports Corporation Limited (PNGPCL) is Papua New Guinea’s national ports authority. It manages 15 of the country’s 23 declared ports and handles 100 per cent of the nation’s seaborne trade. PNGPCL is a fully corporatised entity owned by the State and is the successor company to the PNG Harbours Board. Kumul Consolidated Holdings is the sole shareholder, holding shares in the corporation on behalf of the State of Papua New Guinea. The corporation’s management and operations are governed by relevant port and shipping regulations, as well as policy directives issued by the National Executive Council through the Ministry of State Enterprises. PNG Ports Corporation Limited was officially launched on 13 November 2006. The organisation has operated under several names: Papua and New Guinea Harbours Board (1963-69), Papua New Guinea Harbours Board (1970-2002), PNG Harbours Board Limited (2002-06), and PNG Ports Corporation Limited from 2006. PNGPCL operates and manages 15 of Papua New Guinea’s 23 declared ports: Aitape, Alotau, Buka, Daru, Kavieng, Kieta, Kimbe, Lae, Lorengau, Madang, Oro Bay, Port Moresby, Rabaul, Vanimo and Wewak. These ports handle more than 5.8 million tonnes of cargo annually, representing 100 per cent of Papua New Guinea’s seaborne trade. They also serve as the main gateways to more than 300 scattered islands. The corporation provides berthage, wharfage, storage, pilotage, harbour management, surveillance and other port-related services. Pilotage services are supported by pilot launches stationed at PNGPCL’s main ports. Port-related tariffs are regulated by the Independent Consumer and Competition Commission.

Papua New Guinea is open to Chinese mining and exploration investment, but projects must deliver fair benefits for landowners and the country while protecting the environment, Mining Minister Solen Loifa says. Loifa made the remarks during an address to potential investors at the China Mining Conference and Exhibition 2026 in Tianjin, China, on Sept. 11. He said the government welcomed investment that created returns for investors while also supporting the welfare of communities, the country’s economic interests and sustainable environmental outcomes. “Mining should be done with win-win co-operation for the government, the people and investors,” Loifa said. His message reflects Prime Minister James Marape’s position that Papua New Guinea welcomes investment when it delivers a fair share of benefits to the country and its people. Loifa said the government was preparing for the next generation of mines by strengthening systems, improving regulatory processes and pursuing legislative reforms to address challenges in the sector and support economic growth. The reforms include the establishment of a one-stop shop for mining and minerals investment. The government plans to realign policies and institutions to create an integrated service centre that centralises licensing, permitting and compliance processes. The initiative is intended to reduce the fragmented departmental processes currently faced by explorers and miners. The government also plans to extend the tenure of exploration licences from two years to five years. Loifa said the change would provide greater stability for high-risk, technology-driven exploration programmes. A new retention licence category is also proposed. The licence would allow companies to retain discovered mineral deposits during periods of unfavourable market conditions or when further technical work is required to establish viability. For projects of national significance, the government is moving towards a merit-based and strategic allocation of mineral tenements rather than relying solely on the first-in-time application process. Loifa said the proposed approach would prioritise genuine operators in highly prospective areas. Existing licence holders and applicants seeking to explore areas not reserved for strategic purposes would not be affected, with first-in-time and merit-based applications to be considered on a case-by-case basis. The government also plans to reduce administrative delays by increasing staff capacity and moving towards an electronically automated system. Proposed regulations would introduce stricter timelines for licence renewals to prevent projects from being delayed by administrative processes. The Mineral Resources Authority, the government agency responsible for regulating Papua New Guinea’s mining sector, is undergoing a strategic realignment as part of the reforms. The authority is expected to serve as the main gateway for the proposed one-stop shop mining and minerals investment initiative. “Our message to the global mining community is clear,” Loifa said. “We have heard your concerns regarding regulatory uncertainty and administrative delays. We are removing the hurdles that have historically slowed discovery while ensuring that the people of Papua New Guinea benefit equitably from our resource wealth.”

Central Province has rejected the proposed Papua LNG benefit-sharing arrangements, seeking a 55-45 split with Gulf Province and arguing that its role as a co-host warrants a greater share of the project’s economic benefits. Central Gov. Rufina Peter presented the province’s Tier 1 position paper at the Papua LNG Forum in Port Moresby on Sept. 4, 2026. She later handed the document to Petroleum Minister Jimmy Maladina. The Papua LNG benefit package under discussion is valued at K6.605 billion. It includes legislated benefits such as royalties, equity and development levies, as well as negotiated benefits including business development grants, infrastructure development grants and high-impact infrastructure projects. The benefits would be shared among landowners, provincial governments, district development authorities and local-level governments in Gulf and Central provinces. Central has rejected the director’s proposed allocation of 70% of legislated benefits to Gulf and 30% to Central, as well as an 80-20 split of negotiated benefits. Instead, it wants Gulf to receive 55% and Central 45% across all benefit streams. Central challenges benefit calculations The director’s proposal was based on project-impacted population, the number of affected clans, the physical area affected and capital expenditure. Central said those factors produced a 66-34 split, rather than the proposed 70-30 allocation for legislated benefits. After reviewing the data, the province said it identified missing information and inaccuracies, including the population of Kairuku LLG, the number of clans in Central and the allocation of midstream capital expenditure. Central said including Kairuku’s population of 29,485 increased its project-impacted population to 47,906, while the number of affected clans rose to 101. It also disputed the allocation of midstream capital expenditure. The province said the component was recorded at US$2.465 billion but estimated that only US$783.4 million should be attributed to Central, based on 5% of the project’s total capital expenditure of US$15.6687 billion. Central said its revised calculations produce a 58-42 split, which it considers a more equitable, data-based allocation. Peter said Papua LNG should not be assessed solely by the location of gas resources and other physical impacts. She said the project extends from the wellheads to the export facilities, making Central a co-host rather than simply a project-impacted province. Central’s case also rests on the use of existing PNG LNG facilities at Caution Bay, which will be integrated into Papua LNG. Peter said this integration has helped make the project economically viable and is expected to save developers about US$3.5 billion. The project’s estimated cost was initially about US$18 billion before being reduced to approximately US$14.5 billion following the re-scoping and re-tendering of engineering, procurement and construction contracts, according to the position paper. Central argues that the economic value of hosting processing, liquefaction, storage and export facilities should be reflected in the benefit-sharing arrangements. The province is also seeking K2.2 billion for a 25-year infrastructure programme, citing population growth, migration and increased pressure on infrastructure and services. Peter said Central’s role as a gateway to the National Capital District means the investment would benefit residents as well as people who live, work and travel through the province. Central proposes wider economic participation Central wants the K1.228 billion reserve benefits package included in the current negotiations and divided equally between Gulf and Central. It is also seeking a 50-50 split of the 40% commercial equity associated with Papua LNG. The province wants the commercial equity known as “Lakatoi Equity,” reflecting the historical relationship between Gulf and Central through the Hiri Trade. Central is also seeking greater participation in opportunities arising from the project’s 5% domestic market obligation, or DMO. It proposes that Gulf and Central have the first opportunity to participate in DMO-related businesses through a joint-venture special purpose vehicle. The province has further called on the state to share 20% of the 2% production levy with Central. Peter said the additional revenue would help fund infrastructure needed to serve the province’s growing population and the wider national community. Another proposal is a dedicated Papua LNG-Central GST code through the Internal Revenue Commission. Central said the mechanism would allow it to capture GST generated by businesses operating in the province during the project’s construction and operational phases, including businesses based in the National Capital District that conduct substantial activity in Central. Central also wants stronger governance and accountability measures in the Development Agreement. It has called for business development grants, infrastructure development grants and high-impact infrastructure projects to be clearly allocated according to the agreed Tier 1 arrangements. The province also wants the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative included in the agreement to strengthen transparency in the disbursement and management of project funds. It has proposed an umbrella company for plant-site villages to participate in project contracts, along with a new trust entity under the Mineral Resources Development Company for those villages. Peter said Central presented its position in good faith and wants negotiations with Gulf Province and the National Government to proceed amicably. She called for Tier 1 negotiations to conclude quickly so that Tier 2 and Tier 3 talks can begin before the Dec. 15, 2026, final investment decision deadline. Central’s position seeks not only a larger share of Papua LNG benefits, but also longer-term participation through equity, domestic gas opportunities, GST revenue, infrastructure funding and stronger governance arrangements.

Reeves Envico and CE Group have commenced work on the 22-kilometre transmission line that will connect renewable energy from Tina River with the homes, businesses and essential services of Honiara. Against the rolling hills and demanding terrain of Guadalcanal, work is beginning on a connection that will carry more than electricity. The new transmission line will extend 22 kilometres from the Tina River Hydropower Facility to Lungga Power Station and the Honiara national electricity grid. Once complete, it will carry up to 15 megawatts of renewable power to the capital, helping reduce reliance on imported diesel and supporting cleaner, more reliable and more affordable energy for Solomon Islanders. The commencement of construction was marked at a signing ceremony in Honiara attended by representatives of the Solomon Islands Government, Solomon Power, Australia, Reeves Envico and CE Group. The ceremony recognised a significant step forward for the Tina River Hydropower Development Project-the largest renewable energy initiative undertaken in Solomon Islands. Reeves Envico is delivering the transmission line works as principal contractor, with CE Group engaged as the Electrical Infrastructure Partner. The relationship brings together Reeves Envico’s longstanding connection with Solomon Islands and CE Group’s experience delivering complex electrical works in remote and operationally challenging environments. The scale of the undertaking is significant. The route crosses rolling hills, changing elevations and areas where weather, access and terrain will influence the movement of workers, equipment and materials. Delivering the line will require disciplined planning, technical capability and close coordination with Solomon Power, national workers, communities and the broader project team. It is a demanding scope, but its purpose is deeply human. Reliable electricity supports hospitals, classrooms, communications, refrigeration, government services and local businesses. Its value is felt when essential equipment continues operating, when a student can study and when a business can remain productive. For Reeves Envico and CE Group, those everyday outcomes give the partnership its meaning. Reeves Envico Managing Director Simon Gorman said the signing marked a deeply significant return to the country where the company’s story began. “Reeves’ connection with Solomon Islands began in 1988, with our very first project. To return today and sign this contract is more than an important milestone-it is a privilege,” Gorman said. That history brings both experience and responsibility. The partnership between Reeves Envico and CE Group is grounded in trust, integrity and a shared commitment to deliver work that supports Solomon Islands’ national priorities. For CE Group, the project is its largest contract to date and an opportunity to apply its electrical engineering and construction capability to work of lasting national value. CE Group Managing Director Ryan Johnson said the signing reflected the strength of the relationships that continue to connect Solomon Islands and Australia. “Today’s signing honours that enduring partnership and opens the door to new opportunities for the people of both our nations," Johnson said. Those opportunities extend beyond the physical delivery of the transmission line. More than 190 Solomon Islanders are currently employed across the broader Tina River Hydropower Development Project, with further opportunities expected as construction progresses. Behind that number are workers developing experience, families supported by employment and national capability that will remain beyond the construction period. The wider project also includes education and training initiatives and measures supporting safe employment opportunities for women and girls. Australia is contributing approximately SBD$180 million to the transmission line project through the Australian Infrastructure Financing Facility for the Pacific, combining concessional financing and grant funding. The project is expected to be completed in early 2028. Its magnitude can be measured in kilometres, megawatts and the difficulty of the landscape. Its true legacy, however, will be measured by what it enables: stronger energy security, more dependable essential services, national employment and new possibilities for Solomon Islands communities. For Reeves Envico and CE Group, the intention is clear: to honour the trust placed in the partnership, deliver with integrity and remain focused on the people the work is ultimately intended to serve. The signing ceremony marked the beginning of that responsibility-not its conclusion. The lasting measure of the partnership will be found in the work delivered, the relationships strengthened and the benefits carried forward for Solomon Islands. Beyond borders, progress is built through partnership.

Government agencies, humanitarian organizations and development partners have reviewed and endorsed proposed actions under Papua New Guinea’s El Niño Plan of Action for Agricultural Drought 2026-27, as the country prepares for potentially worsening climate-related impacts on food production and rural livelihoods. The national consultation workshop was convened by the PNG Food Security Cluster, which is co-chaired by the Department of Agriculture and Livestock (DAL) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The consultation comes after the National Weather Service declared El Niño conditions in June, with forecasts indicating that the weather pattern could persist or intensify through the latter part of 2026 and into 2027. Participants reviewed proposed interventions across four phases of the plan — preparedness, anticipatory action, response and recovery — with discussions focused on ensuring measures are practical, coordinated and responsive to local needs and vulnerabilities. Stakeholders also identified priority activities, assessed implementation capacities and discussed coordination mechanisms to enable timely action before drought conditions worsen. The workshop also sought to clarify the roles and responsibilities of participating organizations, identify resource and funding gaps, and strengthen collaboration among government, humanitarian and development partners. DAL Secretary and Food Security Cluster co-chair Dr Sergie Bang said strategic action was needed to strengthen the country’s resilience to recurring droughts. “We have to take strategic agricultural actions because we can expect these droughts to come again,” Bang said. “We need to integrate irrigation and mechanization into our production systems and strengthen our cropping systems so that we place our country and our population in a better food-secure situation,” he said. A key outcome of the consultation was a commitment by Food Security Cluster partners to strengthen preparedness and coordination while refining the drought Action Plan for implementation at national, provincial, district and community levels. The process is expected to produce a set of priority actions, map partner roles and capacities, and establish a framework for monitoring implementation progress. The measures are aimed at safeguarding agricultural production and rural livelihoods while strengthening food security in communities vulnerable to prolonged drought and frost conditions. More than 80% of Papua New Guinea’s population relies on agriculture, livestock and fisheries for food and income, making early planning and coordinated intervention critical to limiting the effects of climate-related shocks. The workshop brought together representatives from government agencies, UN agencies, development partners including Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and New Zealand’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, non-governmental organizations, civil society and faith-based organizations, as well as technical and humanitarian partners. The consultation forms part of broader efforts to translate early warning information into early action and strengthen the resilience of PNG’s agriculture sector as climate risks increase.

 The Bank of Papua New Guinea and 15 financial institutions have signed the PNG Empower Finance Code, committing to identify and reduce the ways financial products and services can be used to control, exploit or harm customers. The voluntary Code was signed on the margins of last week's Alliance for Financial Inclusion Global Policy Forum in Port Moresby, which brought together central bankers and financial regulators from 79 countries. BPNG Governor Elizabeth Genia said financial abuse can undermine financial inclusion, economic participation and confidence in the financial system. “A person is not genuinely financially included if access to financial services makes them more vulnerable,” Genia said. Financial abuse can include taking control of another person's income, creating debt in their name, restricting access to money, misusing passwords or accounts, or using financial services to intimidate or control another person. The Code was co-designed with the financial sector through the PNG Empower Finance Community of Practice, established by BPNG in May 2026 with support from the International Finance Corporation, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade's PNG Women Lead, and the Centre for Excellence in Financial Inclusion. The initiative brings together banks, savings and loan societies, finance companies, superannuation funds and payment service providers. Signatories have committed to four areas: working together to identify and address risks; building financial capability and awareness; promoting safer financial services; and learning from experience and reporting progress. The Code does not create new legal or regulatory obligations. Instead, participating institutions will join the Community of Practice, increase staff awareness, assess how their products and systems could be misused and implement practical improvements. Genia said BPNG was, to its knowledge, the first central bank or financial regulator globally to bring financial institutions together to co-design a voluntary industry code specifically addressing financial abuse. The Code was presented to central bankers and regulators attending the AFI forum, with Genia encouraging other countries, including Pacific neighbours, to consider similar approaches. CEFI is developing financial-abuse training for participating institutions, with the aim of progressively incorporating awareness of financial abuse into broader financial education programmes. “Signing the Code does not mean that every organisation is expected to already have all the answers,” Genia said. “It means they are committing to learn, identify risks and make practical improvements.”

The Central Music Arts and Culture Festival, or CMACF, has opened in Bereina, Kairuku District, showcasing how cultural tourism, small businesses and community enterprise can contribute to Central Province’s local economy. The festival began on Sept. 11, 2026, drawing a large crowd for traditional performances, contemporary music, local small and medium-sized enterprise displays, and community engagement. The event provides a platform for local businesses and entrepreneurs to promote their products and services while bringing visitors and communities together through music, arts and cultural performances. Beyond the entertainment programme, the festival grounds featured SME stalls, government agencies and commodity organisations engaging directly with the community. Representatives from the Papua New Guinea Cocoa Board, National Fisheries Authority and Internal Revenue Commission conducted public-awareness activities throughout the opening day. Their participation added an economic dimension to the festival by connecting communities with information on agriculture, fisheries, taxation and opportunities in the formal economy. Culture as a tourism asset Kairuku District Administrator Henry Oa welcomed visitors and dignitaries, thanking Central Governor Rufina Peter and the Central Provincial Administration for selecting Kairuku as the host location. Oa said the festival was about more than music and dancing. It was an opportunity to showcase Papua New Guinea’s heritage, beauty and talent to the country and the world. “This festival is not just about music and dancing; it is about our heritage and showing PNG and the world our beauty and talent,” Oa said. “Unity is what binds us together.” The festival offers an opportunity to position Central Province’s cultural heritage as part of its wider tourism offering while enabling local businesses to benefit from increased visitor activity. Acting Provincial Administrator Bala Kapa emphasised the importance of preserving traditional knowledge as younger generations become increasingly exposed to modern technology and changing lifestyles. Kapa challenged elders to pass on their knowledge, including traditional songs, tattoos, tapa-making, canoe carving, and local languages such as Motu, Roro and Mekeo. “You are our library. If you close, we lose everything,” Kapa said. He also encouraged young people to take pride in their cultural identity and use music and the arts to strengthen their connection to their communities and heritage. Preserving and presenting these traditions can also support cultural tourism by giving visitors opportunities to experience local music, art, craftsmanship, language and traditional practices. Governor Peter formally declared the festival open, commending the youth, local leaders and organising committee for bringing the event to life. “This festival exists because of you,” Peter told the crowd. “It is your colour, your song and your strength that make Central Province shine. The festival is more than an event—it is memory. It is the drumbeat of our ancestors speaking to us today.” The opening day concluded with musical performances that kept the audience engaged into the afternoon. Gaire musician Hitsy Golu headlined the programme, alongside Martin Rawali, Igo Otto of Rearea, the Kanakas of Erima, the Rapids of Sogeri, and Bereina’s Iva Ovia and the Vmates, who closed out the first day. The turnout and combination of cultural performances, music, SMEs and public-sector engagement showed how community festivals can bring together tourism, culture and local economic activity. The festival continued through the weekend in Bereina, creating further opportunities for communities, performers, entrepreneurs and visitors to celebrate Central Province’s culture and creative economy.

Resources and/or Reserves The words resources and reserves as applied to the presence of oil and gas deposits are often quite casually used without due regard for their actual meaning. This can clearly mislead people either by grossly exaggerating, or under-estimating the importance of an undrilled prospect, the potential oil and gas production of a field, or even the actual petroleum endowment of a nation. The latter can in turn lead to very serious economic policy errors by a government. A country may be prospective for petroleum accumulations, but being prospective is only a statement of there being the potential for oil and gas to have accumulated into discrete subterranean pools, or accumulations, which may have the potential to be tapped by wells drilled into them. These accumulations have to be found first by field exploration and the drilling of wells, which are not easy tasks. Discovered accumulations then have to be evaluated for the quality of the petroleum that they bear and their extent, and only if they are large enough, might they be considered for commercial recovery of that discovered petroleum. In this discussion, I only discuss conventional oil and gas accumulated in porous and permeable reservoirs, not oil and gas unlocked from less permeable strata by fracturing or gas released from degasification of coal – coal bed methane.      Figure 1: Section through rock strata illustrating subsurface sources of oil and gas, after U.S. Energy Information Administration. Discovery Exactly what constitutes a discovery can be debated for hours by petroleum technocrats.   The Society of Petroleum Engineers defines a discovery as being a “petroleum accumulation where one or several exploratory wells through testing, sampling, and/or logging have demonstrated the existence of a significant quantity of potentially recoverable hydrocarbons and thus have established a known accumulation.” In this context, recoverable means that the hydrocarbons have to demonstrate that they are indeed moveable and are not just immovable residues.  A significant quantity implies that there is evidence of a sufficient quantity of petroleum to justify estimating the in-place volume of petroleum as demonstrated by the drilling of wells into the accumulation and for evaluating the potential for future commercial recovery of that petroleum. One should be cautious in the use of the term discovery. Discovery should not be translated into undue expectations of oil and gas field development and petroleum incomes.  Development of any oil and/or gas accumulations only comes as and when there are proven to be adequate recoverable oil and/or gas reserves to warrant the expense and effort of development and production operations. Discovery is the first elemental step towards development, but it is only the initial identification of the accumulation of petroleum, the scope and dimensions of which has to be subsequently ascertained. Interestingly enough, the Papua New Guinea Oil and Gas Act does not define discovery, though it does require the discovery of petroleum to be notified to the Government immediately and details of the same to be provided within three days. The licensee may then be directed to furnish “written particulars of the chemical composition and physical properties of the petroleum; and the subsoil in which the petroleum occurs; and any other pertinent matters.” Typically, the acid test of a discovery has been the testing of the discovery well to see if the petroleum will flow from the subsurface reservoir to the surface, though modern downhole tools can simulate such tests and provide a reasonable understanding of the petroleum content of the discovered accumulation and the ability of its reservoir to permit the flow of its contained fluids.     Figure 2: Testing of the Pasca A-4 well in the Gulf of Papua in 2019, after Twinza Oil Ltd. The evaluation of the results of an exploration well needs to be done most carefully. Full attention to the monitoring of the petroleum operations is essential to preserve the interests of the nation, not that the petroleum companies might mislead the government, but errors of interpretation and judgement do occur.  In one famous case in Papua New Guinea, a well-known operating petroleum company thought that it had made an oil and gas discovery. In an effort to keep up with its fiduciary duties to its shareholders and its Australian Stock Exchange listing requirements, it issued a press release announcing that it had made a significant oil and gas discovery of considerable thickness with well logs showing a gas cap overlying a respectable oil column. The company’s development geologist courteously delivered a copy of the press release to the author at the Government’s Petroleum Division at the Department of Petroleum and Energy together with a set of the well logs (which necessarily excited the author). After ten minutes of cursory review of the logs, the author announced to the company’s development geologist that the company had not discovered any oil or gas, but that the well had rather encountered reservoirs full of water. The press release was suitably endorsed and sent back to the company’s managing director, who was stunned in disbelief.  The company proceeded to evaluate the well the next morning with a full well test of the various supposed hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs, but the well tests flowed only water. Such was not only a grave disappointment and embarrassment to the company, but also to the Government which naturally would have preferred a discovery.   A Field In conventional petroleum reservoirs, a field is typically an area consisting of a single accumulation or multiple accumulations in a reservoir or reservoirs all grouped on, or related to, the same individual geological structural feature and/or stratigraphic condition. There may be two or more reservoirs in a field that are separated vertically by intervening impermeable rock, laterally by local geologic barriers, or both. Aside from accumulation and reservoir, some jurisdictions use the term pool. In Papua New Guinea, a petroleum pool is defined as a “naturally occurring discrete accumulation of petroleum.”   Figure 3: Map of the Kutubu oil and gas fields: Iagifu-Hedinia, Agogo and Usano, after Oil Search Ltd.       Poor Advice Can be Misleading In one developing country, its foreign expert oil and gas advisers told the government that it had one billion barrels of crude oil. However, that estimate was only an assessment of the overall potential petroleum endowment of the country, if it might be realised through appropriate exploration and discovery. It was a probabilistic estimate based on an assessment of regional geological parameters that are conducive to the formation of petroleum accumulations. It was obviously dependent on the results of exploration which might, or might not take place. Moreover, the advice failed to define whether that was the amount of oil and gas that might be found in situ within the yet-to-be-discovered accumulations, or whether it would be the amount of oil and gas that might be recoverable, either technically or economically. Alas oil, as we all know, is viscous and sticky, and does not flow easily. It also requires energy to flow to the surface, so only a proportion of all subterranean oil discovered is ever recovered. That estimate of the country’s oil endowment also only had a 50% probability. Subsequent exploration by oil and gas companies found just several accumulations of crude oil amounting to an aggregate 200 million barrels of oil-in-place. Oil-in-place is the petroleum that exists originally in naturally occurring accumulations, discovered and undiscovered, before production begins. However, the discovered oil was of high viscosity and density, and only 9% was found to be actually recoverable and potentially able to yield 18 million barrels of actual oil production for sale and use. Politically, the President of the country had staked his national policies on the cited one billion barrels by multiplying that quantity by the then current price of crude oil of US$ 50 per barrel. Thus, he contemplated having a massive US$ 50 billion contribution to the nation’s economy, and maintaining his popularity and position based on such. He told the people that the country would become a member of OPEC and everyone would have cheap gasoline and diesel. However, the reality was that the discovered recoverable 18 million barrels was quite difficult to win from the ground and the development and operating costs amounted to US$ 30 per barrel, leading to a net value of subsequent oil production being only US$ 20 per barrel for a total value of just US$ 360 million. The President then realised that the Government’s Production Sharing Contract more or less allowed the oil companies to keep 50% of the net value of the produced crude, so his government got just US$ 180 million. And this was spread out over twenty years providing an average income to the Government of just U$ 9 million per year, a far cry from the spectacular windfall of US$ 50 billion. The President was accused of misleading the people and was not re-elected in subsequent national elections. There is no need for such grave errors. It is the duty of the petroleum technocrat, specialist or expert, be he or she: an adviser, a government official, or a company official to advise non-technical people appropriately, and with great caution. Politicians and others have their expertise, and we petroleum folks have ours; it is our job to communicate our findings to others with professional care and diligence. In one West African nation, the author once had to tell the President’s Adviser that she was not qualified to talk about the potential oil reserves that some international company had been promoting to her boss, making the President overly exuberant and excited about future oil production. She was alarmed and annoyed when told that the country had no petroleum reserves, but only prospective petroleum resources that had yet to be discovered, may be. Some ten years later, those wells have yet to be drilled, and the country still has no proven oil reserves. On another occasion in Papua New Guinea, when Chairing the Opening Ceremony of the Second PNG Petroleum Convention in May 1993, the author had to carefully and cautiously advise the then Prime Minister, the Rt. Hon. Paius Wingti, PC (next to whom, the author was sitting) that the enormous Indonesian gas reserve figures being talked about by our guest keynote speaker, Ir. Suyitno Patmosukismo, the then Director General of Indonesia’s Ditjen MIGAS, (an abbreviation for Minyak dan Gas Bumi, or Oil and Gas, and the State regulator of oil and gas) were not actual proven recoverable volumes of gas, but probabilistic estimates of potential undiscovered resources.  This put our modest, but conservatively estimated proven recoverable gas resource identified by that time in perspective, and we felt less humbled! The Prime Minister was grateful, and the author had done his duty.   Figure 4: Extract from the Programme of the Second PNG Petroleum Convention, May 1993 The mainstream media (newspapers, television and radio) often make mistakes in talking and writing about oil and gas resources and reserves, often needing specialist technical correction after promoting public misunderstanding. Sensational news sells better, one supposes.  I shall not dwell on the many inaccuracies of social media in these matters. Within the petroleum industry, we may also sometimes find speculation, especially by smaller oil and gas exploration companies that wish to talk up the petroleum resource potential of their exploration areas. Often this is done to make investment in their company seem more attractive. Whilst the larger integrated international oil and gas companies do not need to play such games, there are times when they might exaggerate the potential of undrilled leads and prospects to the non-technical minds of political leaders in an attempt to persuade them to consider favourable treatment and regulatory actions.   Petroleum Resources Management System The petroleum industry has rules about such matters. The systematic reporting of petroleum resources has been developed progressively over nearly one hundred years.  Today, the Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) is highly developed, and subject to regular revision and update. It is published by the Society of Petroleum Engineers, and its Oil and Gas Reserves Committee. It has wide industry input and sponsorship from other industry organisations, such as the World Petroleum Council (WPC), and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), among others. The PRMS provides a consistent approach to estimating petroleum quantities, evaluating projects, and presenting results within a comprehensive classification framework.   Petroleum First of all, we need to be sure of what we are talking about.  Petroleum is defined as a naturally occurring mixture consisting of hydrocarbons in the gaseous, liquid, and or solid state. Petroleum may also contain non-hydrocarbons, common examples of which are carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, and sulphur, and in rare cases, non-hydrocarbon content can be greater than 50%. Interestingly enough, in Papua New Guinea, although the definition of petroleum is more or less the same, the Oil and Gas Act simultaneously refers to helium alongside petroleum.  Helium was found in both the Barikewa 1 and Iehi 1 wells drilled respectively in 1958 and 1960 by Island Exploration Company and the Australasian Petroleum Company. Albeit in relatively low concentration of only about 0.1% in the discovered natural gas stream, it may one day yet have commercial value if the gas from these fields is ever produced for LNG production.   Petroleum Resources The term petroleum resources is used to encompass all quantities of petroleum both recoverable and unrecoverable naturally occurring in an accumulation on or within the Earth’s crust, discovered and undiscovered, plus those quantities already produced. Further, it includes all types of petroleum whether currently considered conventional or unconventional.   Petroleum Reserves Petroleum reserves are those quantities of petroleum anticipated to be commercially recoverable by application of development projects to known accumulations from a given date forward under defined conditions. Reserves must satisfy four criteria. They must be discovered, recoverable, commercial, and remaining (as of the evaluation’s effective date) based on the development project(s) applied. Reserves are recommended as sales quantities as metered at the reference point. Where the entity also recognises quantities consumed in operations as reserves these quantities must be recorded separately. Non-hydrocarbon quantities are recognized as reserves only when sold together with hydrocarbons or volume consumed in operations associated with petroleum production. If the non-hydrocarbon is separated before sales, it is excluded from reserves. Reserves are further categorized in accordance with the range of uncertainty and should be sub-classified based on project maturity and/or characterised by development and production status. The PRMS summarises this in its Resource Classification Framework. The horizontal axis reflects the range of uncertainty of estimated quantities potentially recoverable from an accumulation by a project, while the vertical axis represents the chance of commerciality, which is the chance that a project will be committed for development and reach commercial producing status.   Figure 5: Resources Classification Framework, after the Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) of the Society of Petroleum Engineers.   Proved, Possible and Probable Reserves In dealing with uncertainty of petroleum reserves, the PRMS classically uses the terms: proved, probable and possible.   Proved reserves are those quantities of petroleum that, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be commercially recoverable from known reservoirs and under defined technical and commercial conditions. If deterministic methods are used, the term “reasonable certainty” is intended to express a high degree of confidence that the quantities will be recovered. If probabilistic methods are used, there should be at least a 90% probability that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the estimate. Probable reserves are those additional reserves which analysis of geoscience and engineering data indicate are less likely to be recovered than Proved Reserves, but more certain to be recovered than Possible Reserves. It is equally likely that actual remaining quantities recovered will be greater than or less than the sum of the estimated Proved plus Probable Reserves (2P). In this context, when probabilistic methods are used, there should be at least a 50% probability that the actual quantities recovered will equal or exceed the 2P estimate. Possible reserves are those additional Reserves that analysis of geoscience and engineering data suggest are less likely to be recoverable than Probable Reserves. The total quantities ultimately recovered from the project have a low probability to exceed the sum of Proved plus Probable plus Possible (3P) Reserves, which is equivalent to the high-estimate scenario. When probabilistic methods are used, there should be at least a 10% probability that the actual quantities recovered will equal or exceed the 3P estimate. Of course, to be presented as a reserve the petroleum in question has to be discovered, recoverable, commercial, and remaining to be recovered based on a scheme of development to be applied. Where petroleum accumulations fall short of these criteria, they are generally considered to be contingent resources.    Commerciality Discovered recoverable quantities of petroleum or contingent resources may be considered commercially mature, and thus attain reserves classification, if the entity claiming commerciality has demonstrated a firm intention to proceed with development. This means the entity has satisfied its internal decision criteria. This is typically the rate of return at or above the weighted average cost-of-capital or the hurdle rate. Commerciality is achieved with the entity’s commitment to the project and all of the following criteria: Evidence of a technically mature, feasible development plan. Evidence of financial appropriations either being in place or having a high likelihood of being secured to implement the project. Evidence to support a reasonable time-frame for development. A reasonable assessment that the development projects will have positive economics and meet defined investment and operating criteria A reasonable expectation that there will be a market for forecast sales quantities of the production required to justify development. There should also be similar confidence that all produced streams (e.g., oil, gas, water, CO2) can be sold, stored, re-injected, or otherwise appropriately disposed. Evidence that the necessary production and transportation facilities are available or can be made available. Evidence that legal, contractual, environmental, regulatory, and government approvals are in place or will be forthcoming, together with resolving any social and economic concerns. One might consider the current status of the Elk-Antelope gas field which is to be developed for production gas as feedstock for processing as liquefied natural gas (LNG) by the renowned international oil and gas company, TotalEnergies. In the context of the PRMS, the petroleum of the Elk-Antelope gas field is on the brink of becoming commercial, and thence considered as petroleum reserves. The PRMS nicely demonstrates the transition of contingent resources where development is pending to reserves justified for development and then approved for development. The fields currently contributing gas to the PNG LNG Project clearly have proved reserves which are either currently being produced or are to be produced.  As such fields continue to produce gas their proved reserves are systematically depleted by that production. We term production as the total cumulative quantity of petroleum that has been recovered at a given date. Proved reserves may be replenished as the operating company obtains more and more information about the petroleum accumulation it is producing and their reservoirs.  Reserves which previously had less certainty of recovery may migrate from the possible reserve category to the probable reserve category and likewise from the probable category to the proved category.  This is not a certainty, but the phenomenon of reserve creep is often realised as production continues, reservoir knowledge and understanding of its behaviour are amassed and field experience expands, but not always. There can be equally disappointing outcomes.   Figure 6:  Sub-classes of petroleum based on project maturity, after the Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) of the Society of Petroleum Engineers.     Plays, Leads, and Prospects Oil companies will talk of checking out a play. A play is a geological argument used to justify exploration for hydrocarbons. Critical geological ingredients may be present in an area that may encourage the notion that petroleum accumulations might have formed within the subterranean strata.  A sedimentary basin may have developed sometime in geological history within the strata of which buried organic material may have matured into oil and gas. The petroleum geologist will have ideas of possible trapping mechanisms which may have caused any generated petroleum to have accumulated in geological traps which would necessarily have to be formed before the petroleum migrated due to its buoyancy.      Geological, geophysical and geochemical are undertaken to identify potential structural trends which may provide potential traps. These are often called leads.  When such leads are examined more closely to ascertain that they meet all the criteria for formation of a petroleum accumulation, prospects may emerge which may be worthy of drilling to determine whether there might be a petroleum accumulation worthy of commercial production. Oil companies will drill their best and largest prospects with the hope of finding oil and gas. Alas, all parameters for the formation of an accumulation have to be present and with the correct timing, so often drilling is not successful. Subtleties of geological history and evolution of the geology of the area may preclude the prospect from bearing hydrocarbons. Sometimes perseverance is required as the drilling of several prospects provides more specific geological knowledge of the area, and eventually a discovery is made. There are so many cases where companies have drilled a series of well unsuccessfully, only to have a pleasant surprise eventually with a late discovery.    Figure 7: Plays, leads and prospects, after Sabrine Berkat, ALNAFT, Algeria.       Appraisal Once a discovery is made, the question everyone asks is, “How big is it?” This is a simple, but daunting question.  A typical petroleum prospect in Papua New Guinea might need to be of considerable size to justify and warrant it being drilled in the first place. Take for example, the Iagifu prospect of the Iagifu-Hedinia oil field, in production since 1992 as part of the Kutubu Project. Its pre-drill prospect structure was approximate 6 kms long by 3 kms wide, and ellipsoidal in shape covering an area of about 56.5 square kilometres.  Consider that the drill bit that first entered the oil-bearing Toro Sandstone reservoir at 2,430 metres depth in the well was just 12-1/4 inches in diameter, or only 0.076 square metres or 760 square centimetres in area. That bit probed only just over five billionth parts of the prospect, a minute portion of the prospect indeed. A discovery is nice, but it does not make a field. Sometimes there is not even a defined accumulation, if the discovery cannot be delineated or appraised by further drilling to map out the lateral extent of the accumulation across the geological structure which formed the prospect. There was an extraordinary discovery called Makas 1-X, which was drilled in the 1990s and which allegedly found an oil-bearing sandstone. The well ran into technical difficulties and had to be re-drilled, but when that new well encountered the reservoir sandstone, it was barren of oil. In this instance, appraisal refuted the supposed discovery. Appraisal seeks to probe the full extent of a newly-discovered petroleum accumulation by the drilling of more wells into the prospect. This is done to gauge whether the accumulation contains enough petroleum to be able to sustain production on a profitable commercial basis. It is an important critical stage of petroleum development. The drilling of further wells on a discovery has to be encouraged and promoted, and if necessary, government regulators need to ensure it takes place.    Figure 8: An early post-discovery depth map of the top of the oil-bearing Toro Sandstone reservoir over the Iagifu and Hedinia anticline, after Paul Lamerson, Chevron, 1988.     The operating petroleum company may not wish to spend precious financial resources on appraisal immediately. It may have other competing or urgent investments.   The Papua New Guinea legislation does not define the term appraisal of a discovery, but appraisal of a petroleum discovery is included in the rights of petroleum prospecting licensee. However, the government may direct the licensee to do such things as are thought necessary including the completion of wells, the conduct of drill stem or extended production tests for appraisal of a discovered petroleum accumulation. More specific appraisal requirements are contained either in legislation, licence conditions or production sharing agreements elsewhere.  The Papua New Guinea Oil and Gas Act does enable the declaration of what is known as a Location over the specific block within which a discovery is made, and up to eight adjoining blocks (a block is 5 minutes latitude by 5 minutes longitude, or about 81 square kilometres at the latitudes of Papua New Guinea). The declaration of a Location enables some degree of retention of the licence area by the discoverer, but also importantly triggers the ability of the Government to  require various investigations and studies as to assess the feasibility of the construction, establishment and operation of an industry for the recovery of petroleum from the location, particularly technical and economic feasibility studies relating to the recovery and transport of petroleum from the location and processing of the petroleum.   Estimating the Resources Once a petroleum accumulation has been found and appraised by the drilling of further wells which have shown that the petroleum can flow to the surface, the next big question is the size of the accumulation. Essentially, size of the accumulation it is a matter of size of the reservoir, and that in turn depends on the size of the geological structure that may have formed the trap within which the petroleum got trapped and has been found. Quite simply, the more petroleum bearing rock there is, the more petroleum will be in-place; we call this the bulk rock volume.  In simple terms, this is the area of the reservoir times its thickness, though complexities of the geological structure and its shape make this considerably more complicated.  Now, we must remember that in a conventional petroleum reservoir, the petroleum is located in the pores within the rock, a bit like water in a sponge. So, determining the porosity of the reservoir rock is a fundamental factor that has to be measured. A sample of rock can be obtained from the well and physical studies can be made of it to ascertain its porosity as a percentage of the rock, or electronic tools can be lowered into the well to measure physical properties of the rock from which its porosity may be calculated. Within the subsurface rock strata, water abounds, remnant from the time of deposition. When petroleum accumulates in a porous reservoir rock it, displaces the water, but not perfectly or completely. There is always some water left behind. Accordingly, a portion of the porosity of the rock still contains water depending on local subsurface geological condition.  Again, measurements can be made of the reservoir rock in situ by special electronic tools to ascertain what percentage of the pores is filled with water, and what percentage is filled with petroleum.  This, we call the water saturation. When petroleum flows to the surface from a reservoir, it is moving from a location of high pressure and somewhat elevated temperature to standard atmospheric conditions. Oil containing gas will shrink as it rises up the well to ambient conditions as the gas comes out of solution. There is also some shrinkage due to temperature change effects and expansion due to pressure relief.  This volume change is called the shrinkage and is expressed as the formation volume factor, the ratio of the volume of petroleum at reservoir conditions to the volume at surface conditions. It typically ranges from 1.0 to 3.0.  In the case of gas, as it flows up the well, it will expand in classic response to the decrease in pressure and temperature from subsurface reservoir conditions to surface conditions.  The gas formation volume factor is generally much lower, ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 reservoir volume per surface volume. Multiplying these factors together, in broad terms, we get: Volume of petroleum at surface = bulk rock volume x porosity x (1-water saturation)/formation volume factor      This is what we call a volumetric method, which is adequate in cases where we have some idea of rock and fluid parameters. It is generally used in early stages of appraisal of an accumulation.  Other methods are the material balance method in which the tracking of pressure changes is used to estimate remaining reserves, and decline curve analysis, which uses field production data trends to predict future output. Of course, this discussion is quite generalised, and there are many intricacies and additional dependencies.   Figure 9: Classical methods of petroleum reserve analysis after petroleum concepts on Instagram Petroleum is normally a complex mixture of many different hydrocarbons. Oil most often contains hydrocarbon gases in solution and natural gases contain liquid hydrocarbons in solution. Also, rarely are reservoirs undisturbed and quite often the very tectonic forces that created the geological structure within which the petroleum has been trapped may cause intricate faulting of that reservoir. This can often spoil the continuity of the reservoir and effectively break it up into many small pieces of reservoir some of which may not have been able to be charged with oil or gas.   This often only becomes evident when infill drilling between the discovery and appraisal wells demonstrates such discontinuities. Faults identified in the wells within the reservoir rocks indicate localised tectonic displacement and what is called compartmentalisation.  This is the case in the Kutubu oil fields which then required very careful placement of production wells to tap the oil-bearing parts of the reservoir. Sometimes water enters the petroleum bearing reservoir and flushes the hydrocarbons out of place leaving behind only a residual viscous smear of the original oil charge of the reservoir and the flushing waters.  Such was the case in the Toro sandstone reservoir of the large Mananda anticline which showed excellent signs of bearing oil, but the primary charge had been flushed away leaving only a non-recoverable residue.  In some reservoirs, the porosity of the reservoir varies laterally due to changes in the original depositional environment of the sediments, or later mineralogical or chemical changes.  The amount of water remaining in the reservoir pores can vary across a field, and hence the degree of fill of that porosity by hydrocarbons.   As one may realise, the assessment of the original oil-in-place or original gas-in-place can become quite tricky.  Then, there is one more factor that is absolutely necessary for the oil and /or gas to flow into the well bore; that is permeability.  Permeability is the ability of a porous material (such as rock) to allow fluids (either liquids or gases) or gases to flow through it. Permeability measures how easily fluids flow through the interconnected pores under pressure. High permeability allows easy flow, while low permeability restricts flow. The majority of rocks (more than 93%) have very little permeability and a small amount (2%) have fair to good permeability, the balance are considered to be poorly permeable or tight. From the 2% permeabilities range from 1 to 1000 milliDarcies (mD, the unit of permeability named after Henri Darcy).  In the Hides gas field, the reservoir permeabilities of the Toro Sandstone reservoir range from 3 to 2,000 mD with the bulk of readings being between 30 to 150 mD.  Such permeability would be said to be good. Both permeability and porosity are related and in the Hides gas field Toro reservoir, permeability broadly scales with porosity which ranges between 2% to 18%.   Recovery Factor It is good to have an accumulation full of hydrocarbons in a porous and permeable reservoir, but those hydrocarbons still need to be able to get to the surface to be able to be sold. They need to be recovered as oil and gas production. Exactly how much oil and/or gas may be recovered from a reservoir by production is not so easy to estimate.  For oil and gas to flow into a wellbore from a reservoir rock and flow to surface requires energy. The flow has to combat gravity and frictional forces to get to the surface. So quite obviously the higher the pressure of the reservoir and the less viscous the petroleum is, the better it will flow.   Measurements of reservoir pressure are therefore most important.  In a gas field, the natural gas will fill its container, the reservoir and pressure within the connected reservoir will equilibrate.  As the gas is produced, the reservoir pressure will decrease just like a balloon deflating until such time as there simply is not enough pressure to force the gas out of wellbore. That then is the technical end of production. A crude estimate of the recovery factor of a gas field may be expressed as 1 minus the reservoir pressure at abandonment divided by the initial reservoir pressure. Typical gas fields have high recovery rates of between 50% to 80%.   Figure 10: Recovery factor versus depth of gas fields outside the USA with larger than 1 trillion standard cubic feet of gas in place, after Jean Laherrère, International Energy Agency. Of course, gas fills its container and has a very low viscosity; oil is quite different. It is viscous, a liquid and hence moves much more slowly.  It does not fill its container as gas does. When a well penetrates an oil-bearing reservoir, the oil has to flow toward the borehole in response to a decrease in pressure caused by the well’s penetration into the reservoir.  As the pressure differential between the wellbore and reservoir decreases with time, the oil becomes more and more sluggish.  Lighter density oils move easier, but heavier density oils have a hard time. The amount of gas dissolved in the oil very much affects the ability of the oil to flow out of the well because as the pressure is relieved, the gas bubbles out of solution (just like opening a Coca Cola bottle) frothing up the oil and making the oil flow lighter and easier to ascend the well.  The amount of gas contained per barrel of oil in solution is known as the gas-oil ratio.  In the case of the Kutubu fields, the oil was very gassy from the beginning, and so recovery of the oil was much easier.  Indeed, there was so much gas produced with the oil that for many years the gas was reinjected back into the reservoir to help push the oil to surface. In this way, it was also effectively conserved until it too could be produced in the current PNG LNG Project.  Some oil-bearing reservoirs are linked in the subsurface to active aquifers which provide additional energy to help maintain the reservoir pressure for a longer period of time.  Petroleum engineers and production geologists quite often devise water injection schemes to aid oil recovery in which massive amounts of water are pumped into the water lying below the oil to help it flow to the production wells. This is called water flooding. Whilst the extent of gas recovery from a reservoir is more fundamentally connected to the change of reservoir pressure, the extent of oil recovery is not so readily estimated. Elaborate reservoir models may be built describing the reservoir rock, reservoir fluids and their parameters to create simulations of flow through an array of production wells.  These simulations can be correlated to actual flow of wells when tested and an overall assessment of likely recovery scenarios made. Typical oil recovery rates are between 5% to 50% of the original oil-in-place, with an average often cited of around 30% to 35%. Secondary recovery techniques like water flooding and gas injection enhance recovery to between 30 to 40%. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques may significantly increase recovery by the injection of heat, gases, chemical to reduce viscosity and improve flow, but this comes at a cost.      Figure 11: Recovery factor of 800 oil fields outside the USA, after Jean Laherrère, International Energy Agency   Ultimate Recovery As one produces a field, be it an oil field or a gas field, the resources that were estimated to be in place at the beginning of production are steadily depleted. The extent of the recoverable reserves is reduced by every additional amount of production, so the reserves of a field decline. Those reserves that have been recovered and those that may yet be potentially recovered are referred to as the estimated ultimate recoverable reserves of the field. This is the ultimate measure of the total potential commercial output of a field. To talk of the reserves of a particular petroleum province and its fields one can only project into the future as those resources that were once reserves and have been produced are no longer such. The estimates of reserves are estimates of the volumes of oil and gas that may be commercially recovered henceforth. A common measure of the utility of such reserves is the reserve-to-production ratio (R/P ratio). This estimates how many years the oil or gas will last at current production rates. It is calculated by dividing remaining proven reserves by the annual production rate. A higher R/P ratio indicates more years of supply remaining. If one looks at the Statistical Review of Global Energy, the last edition that examines the R/P ratio was in 2020 providing statistics up to the start of Covid.  Oddly, after that BP and then the new owners of this great and useful report found it necessary to omit the listings of oil and gas reserves and with that, the comparative R/P ratios, perhaps to mollify the notion that a world in energy transition would still be producing oil and gas for decades to come.  Of course, circumstances change as we have seen in the dramatic actions of some nations in the first quarter of 2026.  The picture is clear; a select few countries dominate oil production now and in the longer term. Their ability to produce oil into the foreseeable will depend on their access to markets, which if denied may render their reserves to be purely technical.   Country Proved Reserves (Billion Barrels of Oil) R/P Ratio (Years) Canada 169.7 82.3 Iran 155 120.6 Iraq 145 83.1 Kuwait 101.5 83.1 Russia 107 25.5 Saudi Arabia 297.6 68.9 USA 68.9 11.1 Venezuela 303.8 906.7 Total World 1,733.9 49.9 Figure 12:  Reserve-to-production ratios of countries with more than one billion barrels of proved reserves and the USA as at pre-Covid pandemic in 2019 after Statistical Review of Global Energy. A similar story can be told for natural gas reserves. It is with respect to natural gas that Papua New Guinea earned a row in the statistics of the Statistical Review of Global Energy, having an assessed 0.2 trillion cubic metres of gas as proven reserves and an R/P ratio of 14.2 years.  Papua New Guinea has been producing oil and gas since 1991 when the Kutubu Project produced its initial oil as feedstock for the Project refinery and the Hides Project produced its initial gas as feedstock for the Porgera mine power plant. In 1992, full scale oil production began at Kutubu and in 2014 large scale gas production at Hides for the PNG LNG Project commenced. Papua New Guinea’s discovered oil and gas fields are listed below together with their estimated ultimate recoverable resources and reserves, which includes production to date and remaining resources and reserves. Field Name(s) Year of Discovery Current Licence Current Operator Estimated Ultimate Recoverable Oil Resources and Reserves Estimated Ultimate Recoverable Gas Resources and Reserves         Million barrels  2C & 2P (incl. condensates & LPGs) Billion cubic feet 2C & 2P Barikewa 1958 PRL 49 Kumul Petroleum   439 Bwata 1960 PRL 39 ExxonMobil   68 Cobra & Iehi 1960 PRL 14 Santos   72 Uramu 1968 PRL 60 Kumul Petroleum   92 Pasca 1968 PPL 328 Twinza 90 464 Juha 1983 PDL 9 ExxonMobil 29 578 Kutubu 1986 PDL 2 Santos 337 1733 Hides 1987 PDL 1 ExxonMobil 159 6938 Pandora 1988 PRL 38 Kumul Petroleum   644 Agogo 1989 PDL 2 Santos 59 541 Angore 1990 PDL 8 ExxonMobil 13 1079 Elevala & Ketu 1990 PRL 21 TWL Energy 40 640 P'nyang 1990 PRL 3 ExxonMobil 78 4600 SE Gobe 1991 PDL 3 Santos 46 156 Gobe Main 1993 PDL 4 Santos 31 159 Paua 1995 PPL 378 Giri Energy 17   Moran 1996 PDL 2&5 Santos 20 344 Stanley 1999 PDL 10 TWL Energy 12 399 Kimu 1999 PRL 48 Kumul Petroleum   525 Triceratops 2005 PRL 39 ExxonMobil 2 30 Douglas 2006 PRL 40 TWL Energy 30 500 Pukpuk 2006 PRL 40 TWL Energy 0 365 Elk-Antelope 2006 PRL 15 TotalEnergies 64 6200 FlInders & Hagana 2006 PRL 41 Santos   1100 Ubuntu 2011 PRL 28 TWL Energy 4 100 Muruk 2016 PPL 402 Santos   845    Summations 1031 28611 The summations are pseudo-summations only, not statistical aggregations and should be used as a guide only Figure 13: A list of oil and gas field discoveries in Papua New Guinea and their estimated ultimate recoverable resources and reserves (2C and 2P respectively) after David Manau, Secretary, Department of Petroleum and Energy (now Managing Director, National Petroleum Authority) modified and amended by the author from public information. The extent of the future discovery of Papua New Guinea’s petroleum resources will depend entirely on investment in exploration and the necessary drilling of valid prospects.  In turn, the extent of reserves will depend on investment in development where production of those reserves may be assessed to be commercial.  Without such further investment, we can only produce those resources and reserves that are remaining until they are depleted to the extent that we can, given considerable infrastructure limitations.   Only successful exploration including the vital drilling of exploration wells will allow the above table to be augmented with Papua New Guinea’s yet to be found petroleum resources and reserves.   Word = 6,927    

National Superannuation Fund Limited (Nasfund) has been delivering its Superannuation (Supa) Education Sessions in schools across PNG since 2024, as part of its commitment to preparing young Papua New Guineans for their future financial journeys. The program is a superannuation education and awareness initiative designed to help students understand superannuation, retirement savings, and personal financial planning. The initiative equips participants with essential knowledge, including how superannuation works, the role of Nasfund, the importance of starting to save early, strategies for growing retirement savings, and the value of making informed financial decisions throughout life. As part of this ongoing initiative, Nasfund Member Experience Manager Melisha Sindiwan conducted three Supa Education Sessions over the past two weeks at Port Moresby Grammar School. The sessions provided Grade 12 students with a practical introduction to superannuation and long-term financial planning. The sessions were highly engaging and focused on building awareness of superannuation, encouraging students to begin thinking about financial planning well before they enter the workforce. Students were introduced to the basics of superannuation, its role in supporting financial security and retirement savings, and the benefits of developing saving habits. This marks the third consecutive year that Nasfund has partnered with Port Moresby Grammar School to deliver the Supa Education Program as part of the Grade 12 school enrichment program, reinforcing the Fund’s commitment to investing in financial literacy and empowering future generations with the knowledge needed to make sound financial decisions. Speaking on the importance of the program, Port Moresby Grammar School Director of Curriculum for Senior School Brenda Kekeao said the Supa Education Sessions align closely with the school’s future financial planning module. “For this module, we looked at other organisations, but the school chose Nasfund because of the long-standing relationship it has with the company,” Ms Kekeao said. “We hope these sessions will help educate students about their future financial planning.” Ms Kekeao further acknowledged that the sessions serve as valuable enrichment opportunities for students, complementing classroom learning by providing expert knowledge from industry professionals. “The sessions could also be regarded as enrichment programs because teachers are not specialised in superannuation. Experts like the Nasfund team are invited to conduct these sessions and provide students with practical knowledge and real-life financial insights,” she said. The Supa Education Sessions also complement topics covered in the Grade 12 Business Studies curriculum, helping students connect classroom theory with practical financial concepts they will encounter throughout their lives and careers.

Hastings Deering PNG showcased its long-standing commitment to Papua New Guinea's resources sector at this year's event, while highlighting the important role skills development and local capability continue to play in supporting the nation's growth. A key highlight for Hastings Deering PNG was an exclusive visit from Prime Minister James Marape ahead of the official opening of the exhibition. During his tour, Prime Minister Marape visited the Hastings Deering PNG stand. Accompanied by government ministers, industry representatives and members of the media, the Prime Minister spent time engaging with the Hastings Deering PNG team, experiencing the Learning Simulator and learning more about the company's investment in training, capability development and workforce readiness. Prime Minister Marape acknowledged Hastings Deering PNG's significant contribution to developing Papua New Guinean talent and supporting the nation's workforce through technical training, apprenticeships and long-term career opportunities. He also recognised the company's proud history of more than 75 years of operations in PNG and its ongoing contribution to the country's economic growth and development. Through ongoing investment in training and professional development, Hastings Deering PNG continues to help build the skilled workforce needed to support PNG's growing resources and infrastructure sectors. Hastings Deering PNG Sales and Marketing Manager Anthony Rosson said the company's success is built on the strength, capability and commitment of its workforce. "At Hastings Deering PNG, we help customers maximise productivity through industry-leading Caterpillar equipment and the expertise of our local team. Every machine purchased through Hastings Deering PNG represents a dual investment: in proven Caterpillar performance and in the Papua New Guineans who provide the technical support, service and expertise that keep customer operations running. "PNG Resource Week provided an excellent platform to demonstrate the value Hastings Deering PNG delivers beyond the equipment. Our customers gain access to world-class equipment while directly supporting the development of local skills, jobs and capabilities, creating benefits that extend well beyond the worksite and assist in the long-term development of PNG communities." Across the four-day exhibition, the team connected with customers, business partners, government representatives and industry stakeholders, demonstrating Hastings Deering PNG's expertise across equipment sales, product support, service solutions, and learning and development. The event provided valuable opportunities to strengthen existing relationships, explore future business opportunities and share insights on the challenges and opportunities facing the industry. PNG Resource Week 2026 provided a valuable platform to showcase the expertise of the Hastings Deering PNG team, strengthen industry partnerships and reaffirm the company's role in supporting the industries and communities contributing to PNG's future growth and prosperity.